Contribuições do enfermeiro na pesquisa básica: modelo de fixação de curativo em feridas cutâneas excisionais de camundongos / Contributions of nurses in basic research: dressing fixation model for excisional cutaneous wounds of mice / Contribuciones del enfermero en la investigación básica: modelo de fijación de apósito en heridas cutáneas excisionales de ratones

Objetivo:validar método de fixação de curativos em feridas cutâneas excisionais de camundongos. Método: estudo pré-clínico. Amostra composta por animais da linhagem C57BL/6, que tiveram duas feridas excisionais confeccionadas na região dorsal. Foram avaliados diferentes métodos e produtos, amplamente aceitos na prática clínica, para fixação de curativos no modelo animal. Os desfechos avaliados foram tempo de permanência do curativo e ocorrência de eventos adversos. Resultados: atadura de crepom, fita microporosa e bandagem autoaderente apresentaram menor tempo de permanência quando comparadas ao filme de poliuretano. Esse, por sua vez, variou o tempo quando comparadas diferentes marcas (E, F, G e H) e número de voltas ao redor do corpo do animal. Com 1 volta, o tempo variou de < 24 a 36 horas. Com 2 voltas, as marcas E e G permaneceram 48 e 96 horas, respectivamente, e F e H tempo < 24 horas. Filme da marca G, cortado no tamanho 3 cm x 15 cm, dando 2 voltas no corpo do camundongo, manteve o curativo por 96 horas. A pele permaneceu íntegra, sem evento adverso. Conclusão: foi criado modelo de fixação de curativos para feridas em camundongos com produto disponível no Brasil e compatível com a estrutura copórea do animal.

Objective:validate method of fixation of dressings on excisional cutaneous wounds of mice. Method: preclinical study. Sample made up of animals of the C57BL/6 strain, which had two excision wounds made in the dorsal region. Different methods and products, widely accepted in clinical practice, for fixing dressings in the animal model were evaluated. The evaluated outcomes were the length of stay of the dressing and the occurrence of adverse events. Results: crepe bandage, microporous tape and self-adhesive bandage had a shorter residence time when compared to polyurethane film. This, in turn, varied the time when comparing different marks (E, F, G and H) and number of turns around the animal's body. With 1 lap, the time varied from <24 to 36 hours. With 2 laps, the marks E and G remained 48 and 96 hours, respectively, and F and H time <24 hours. G-brand film, cut to size 3 cm x 15 cm, giving the mouse body 2 turns, kept the dressing for 96 hours. The skin remained intact, with no adverse event. Conclusion: a dressing fixation model for wounds in mice was created with a product available in Brazil and compatible with the animal's body structure

Objetivo:validar método de fijación de apósitos en heridas cutáneas excisionales de ratones. Método: estudio preclínico. Muestra compuesta por animales del linaje C57BL/6 que tuvieron dos heridas excisionales confeccionadas en la región dorsal. Se evaluaron distintos métodos y productos, ampliamente aceptados en la práctica clínica, para fijación de apósitos en el modelo animal. Los resultados evaluados fueron tiempo de permanencia del apósito y ocurrencia de eventos adversos. Resultados: La venda de crepé, la cinta microporosa y el vendaje autoadherente presentaron menor tiempo de permanencia cuando comparados con la película de poliuretano. Esta, a su vez, varió en el tiempo cuando comparadas distintas marcas (E, F, G y H) y número de vueltas alrededor del cuerpo del animal. Con una vuelta completa, el tiempo varió de menos de 24 a 36 horas. Con dos vueltas, las marcas E y G permanecieron 48 y 96 horas, respectivamente, y F y H, tiempo igual e inferior a 24 horas. La piel permaneció íntegra, sin evento adverso. Conclusión: se creó un modelo de fijación de apósitos en ratones con un producto disponible en Brasil y compatible con la estructura del cuerpo del animal

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi ( Aroeira) leaves oil attenuates inflammatory responses in cutaneous wound healing in mice

Abstract Purpose: To investigated the inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrogenic activities of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves oil (STRO) on wound healing. Methods: The excisional wound healing model was used to evaluate the effects of STRO. The mice were divided into two groups: Control, subjected to vehicle solution (ointment lanolin/vaseline base), or STRO- treated group, administered topically once a day for 3, 7 and 14 days post-excision. We evaluated the macroscopic wound closure rate; the inflammation was evaluated by leukocytes accumulation and cytokine levels in the wounds. The accumulation of neutrophil and macrophages in the wounds were determined by assaying myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities. The levels of TNF-α, CXCL-1 and CCL-2 in wound were evaluated by ELISA assay. Angiogenesis and collagen fibers deposition were evaluated histologically. Results: We observed that macroscopic wound closure rate was improved in wounds from STRO-group than Control-group. The wounds treated with STRO promoted a reduction in leucocyte accumulation and in pro-inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, STRO treatment increased significantly the number of blood vessels and collagen fibers deposition, as compared to control group. Conclusion: Topical application of STRO display anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects, as well as improvement in collagen replacement, suggesting a putative use of this herb for the development of phytomedicines to treat inflammatory diseases, including wound healing.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi ( Aroeira) leaves oil attenuates inflammatory responses in cutaneous wound healing in mice

Purpose: To investigated the inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrogenic activities of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves oil (STRO) on wound healing. Methods: The excisional wound healing model was used to evaluate the effects of STRO. The mice were divided into two groups: Control, subjected to vehicle solution (ointment lanolin/vaseline base), or STRO- treated group, administered topically once a day for 3, 7 and 14 days post-excision. We evaluated the macroscopic wound closure rate; the inflammation was evaluated by leukocytes accumulation and cytokine levels in the wounds. The accumulation of neutrophil and macrophages in the wounds were determined by assaying myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl--D-glucosaminidase activities. The levels of TNF-, CXCL-1 and CCL-2 in wound were evaluated by ELISA assay. Angiogenesis and collagen fibers deposition were evaluated histologically. Results: We observed that macroscopic wound closure rate was improved in wounds from STRO-group than Control-group. The wounds treated with STRO promoted a reduction in leucocyte accumulation and in pro-inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, STRO treatment increased significantly the number of blood vessels and collagen fibers deposition, as compared to control group. Conclusion: Topical application of STRO display anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects, as well as improvement in collagen replacement, suggesting a putative use of this herb for the development of phytomedicines to treat inflammatory diseases, including wound healing.

Memory deficit associated with increased brain proinflammatory cytokine levels and neurodegeneration in acute ischemic stroke / Déficit de memória associado ao aumento dos níveis cerebrais de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e neurodegeneração na isquemia cerebral aguda

The present study aimed to investigate behavioral changes and neuroinflammatory process following left unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO), a model of cerebral ischemia. Post-ischemic behavioral changes following 15 min UCCAO were recorded 24 hours after reperfusion. The novel object recognition task was used to assess learning and memory. After behavioral test, brains from sham and ischemic mice were removed and processed to evaluate central nervous system pathology by TTC and H&E techniques as well as inflammatory mediators by ELISA. UCCAO promoted long-term memory impairment after reperfusion. Infarct areas were observed in the cerebrum by TTC stain. Moreover, the histopathological analysis revealed cerebral necrotic cavities surrounded by ischemic neurons and hippocampal neurodegeneration. In parallel with memory dysfunction, brain levels of TNF-a, IL-1b and CXCL1 were increased post ischemia compared with sham-operated group. These findings suggest an involvement of central nervous system inflammatory mediators and brain damage in cognitive impairment following unilateral acute ischemia.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar alterações comportamentais e processos inflamatórios na isquemia cerebral induzida pela oclusão unilateral da carótida comum esquerda (UCCAO) em camundongos. As alterações comportamentais foram avaliadas após 15 minutos de isquemia e 24 horas de reperfusão. O teste de reconhecimento de objetos foi utilizado para avaliação da memória e do aprendizado. Em seguida, os animais foram mortos e os encéfalos foram coletados e processados para avaliação das alterações patológicas pelas técnicas de TTC e H&E, assim como da dosagem de mediadores inflamatórios por ELISA. A UCCAO promoveu alterações de memória após a reperfusão. Foram visualizadas áreas de infarto cerebral pela coloração de TTC e cavidades necróticas circundadas por neurônios isquêmicos no cérebro e neurodegeneração hipocampal. A UCCAO causou aumento dos níveis encefálicos de TNF-a, IL-1b e CXCL1. Estes achados demonstraram o envolvimento dos mediadores inflamatórios no sistema nervoso central e da neurodegeneração no déficit cognitivo após isquemia cerebral aguda.

Cytokine profile of rats fed a diet containing shrimp / Perfil das citocinas de ratos alimentados com dieta de camarão

OBJECTIVE: Studies have shown that shrimps reduced the tensile strength of scars in rat skin. The aim of the present study was to assess the cytokine profile of rats fed shrimp. METHODS: Group 1 (control) received a regular diet and Group 2 (experimental) received a diet containing 33% shrimp for nine days. The two diets contained the same amounts of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Serum cytokine levels were determined by ELISA and a segment of the jejunum was taken to investigate its histological morphology and eosinophil infiltrate. RESULTS: The experimental group had lower serum levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) (14.4±1.9 versus 18.11±2.6pg/mL; p<0.05) and IL-10 (5.0±0.98 versus 7.5±1.2pg/mL; p<0.05) and higher levels of IL-6 (17.8±2.3 versus 3.2±0.4pg/mL, p<0.001) than controls. Morphologically, the shrimp-based diet caused an architectural disorganization of the intestinal mucosa and a greater amount of eosinophils in the jejunal villus. CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that shrimp consumption leads to a significant increase in the cytokine IL-6, a decrease in the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 in the serum of rats, and high eosinophil infiltration in the jejunum. The cytokine profile typical of inflammation and the histological aspect of the jejunum are compatible with food allergy.

OBJETIVO: Estudos mostraram que a dieta suplementada com camarão reduziu a resistência cicatricial na pele de ratos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o perfil das citocinas de ratos que receberam dieta adicionada com camarão. MÉTODOS: Foram comparados um grupo controle e um grupo experimental, que receberam uma dieta enriquecida com camarão (33%) durante nove dias. As duas dietas continham quantidades semelhantes de proteínas, lipídeos, e carboidratos. Os níveis séricos de citocinas foram avaliados por ELISA, assim como um segmento de jejuno foi obtido para exame histológico da morfologia e infiltrado de eosinófilos. RESULTADOS: A dieta adicionada com camarão diminuiu os níveis séricos de IL-4 (14,4±1,9 versus 18,11±2,6pg/mL, p<0,05) e IL-10 (5,0±0,98 versus 7,5±1,2pg/mL, p<0,05 e aumentou os níveis séricos de IL-6 (3,2±0,4 versus 17,8±2,3pg/mL, p<0,001) quando comparada com os animais controle. Morfologicamente, a dieta adicionada com camarão causou uma desorganização da arquitetura da mucosa intestinal, juntamente com uma abundância de eosinófilos nas vilosidades jejunais. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados sugerem que a ingestão de dieta adicionada com camarão leva a um aumento significativo da citocina IL-6, juntamente com uma diminuição da citocina imunomoduladora IL-10 no soro de ratos e um infiltrado de eosinófilos no jejuno. O padrão inflamatório das citocinas e o aspecto histológico do jejuno são compatíveis com alergia alimentar.

Blockade of CXCR1/2 chemokine receptors protects against brain damage in ischemic stroke in mice

OBJECTIVE: Ischemic stroke may result from transient or permanent reductions of regional cerebral blood flow. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils have been described as the earliest inflammatory cells to arrive in ischemic tissue. CXCR1/2 receptors are involved in the recruitment of these cells. However, the contribution of these chemokine receptors during transient brain ischemia in mice remains poorly understood. In this work, we investigated the effects of reparixin, an allosteric antagonist of CXCR1/2 receptors, in a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in mice. METHODS: C57BL/6J male mice treated with reparixin or vehicle were subjected to a middle cerebral artery occlusion procedure 1 h after the treatment. Ninety minutes after ischemia induction, the monofilament that prevented blood flow was removed. Twenty-four hours after the reperfusion procedure, behavioral changes, including motor signs, were analyzed with the SmithKline/Harwell/lmperial College/Royal Hospital/Phenotype Assessment (SHIRPA) battery. The animals were sacrificed, and brain tissue was removed for histological and biochemical analyses. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, neutrophil infiltration was estimated by myeloperoxidase activity and the inflammatory cytokine IL-iβ was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Pre-treatment with reparixin reduced the motor deficits observed in this model of ischemia and reperfusion. Myeloperoxidase activity and IL-iβ were reduced in the reparixin-treated group. Histological analysis revealed that ischemic injury was also attenuated by reparixin pre-treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the blockade of the CXCR1/2 receptors by reparixin promotes neuroprotective effects by reducing the levels of polymorphonuclear infiltration in the brain and the tissue damage associated with middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion.